What is Massage?

Definition

Massage is the practice of touching or of applying structured or unstructured pressure, tension, motion, or vibration manually or with mechanical aids to the soft tissues of the body, including muscles, connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, joints, lymphatic vessels, and/or organs of the gastrointestinal system to achieve a beneficial response. Massage Therapy is performed primarily by a professional Massage Therapist but is often used as a form of therapy by other Healthcare practitioners such as Chiropractors, Osteopaths and Physical Therapists. Bodywork encompasses wider modalities.

Massage usually involves touch with or without clothes but also can be applied to the energetic field around the body. Massage can be applied to parts of the body or successively to the whole body, to aid the process of injury healing, relieve psychological stress, manage pain, and improve circulation of blood and lymph. When massage is used for its physiological, mental, and mechanical benefits, it is termed "therapeutic massage" or manipulative therapy.

In professional settings, massage involves the client being treated while lying on a massage table, sitting upright in a massage chair, or lying on a pad on the floor. Except for modalities such as Acupressure, Shiatsu, Tui Na, or Thai Massage, the massage subject is generally unclothed or partially unclothed, and their body would be "draped" with towels or sheets. The practice of covering the parts of the body that are not being massaged is referred to as draping and its practice varies from one part of the world to another. In addition to making a professional statement and providing a boundary, draping helps keep the client warm which aids in the relaxation response. In some countries it is required that certain areas such as the genitals on both genders and the breast/nipple area on women be draped at all times.

Types and methods of massage (alphabetical order)

There are a number of different types of massage. Some of these are: Relaxation or Holistic Massage, Remedial Massage, Sports Massage. The benefits vary from relaxing to energizing. Applications vary from massage for athletes who need high performance for muscles to massages for relaxation or wellness to therapeutic medical massages and massages that aim at providing better self-contact, enhance the body image and provide integration (touch therapies).

• Anma - Traditional Japanese massage: Introduced to Japan about 1300 years ago. Shiatsu massage grew out of this rich tradition. Anma is deep tissue work using no oils and is based on kneading movements.
• Ayurvedic Abhyanga massage: Ayurveda is a natural health care system originating in ancient India over 5000 years ago. It incorporates massage therapies, yoga, meditation and natural herbal remedies. Ayurvedic Massage, also known as Abhyanga, is usually performed by two therapists working in harmony, using a heated blend of specially selected herbal oils. Ayurveda aims to help healing by re-establishing balance between mind, body and sprit.
• Bowen therapy: The Bowen Technique addresses key points to stimulate energy flow, but Bowen Technique involves a gentle, rolling motion, with very light touches. The practitioner will stimulate sets of points, often with pauses between sets. The Bowen Technique is not a form of massage, though it does claim to release areas of built-up stress in the muscles, and clients usually experience profound relaxation after a session.
  
  A view held by some Bowen Therapists is that the specific way that Bowen Technique addresses the muscles stimulates the stretch and golgi tendon reflexes as well as joint proprioceptors in a way that heightens the sensory awareness of the body in the area worked on. This can lead to strange sensations such as heat release, tingling and a general increased awareness of the areas being worked. These sensations are sometimes mistakenly associated with some form of "energy healing". Through increasing sensory awareness the move taps into the body's ability to self regulate which, in turn, can stimulate the body to heal itself.
  
  It is widely accepted by those defining Bowen for the regulation process, that Bowen is a stand-alone therapy, not mixed with other treatments. Bowen himself was very specific about his clients not receiving other treatments and did not perform any other therapies himself. However there are certain non physical treatments which have been shown to be useful in conjunction with Bowen, homeopathy being one. Since 1998 the technique has become widely used in primary care settings in the UK, with many chartered physiotherapists using the technique in hospitals, hospices and other funded health settings.
• Chair massage: Chair massage, also known as corporate massage or onsite massage, can be a convenient method of massage therapy. A chair massage session typically lasts 10-25 minutes, and is performed while fully clothed. Chair massage promotes better circulation, muscle stimulation and stress relief. This form of massage reduces tension in the back, neck, shoulders, head, arms, hands, legs or feet, providing a deep relaxation effect.
• Chinese Tui Na massage: Tui na (pronounced twee-nar), is a form of Chinese manipulative therapy often used in conjunction with acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping, Chinese herbalism, tai chi and qigong. Tui na is a hands-on-body treatment using acupressure that is a modality of Chinese medicine whose purpose is to bring the body into balance. The principles being balanced are the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).e.g yin and yang, qi and so on. The practitioner may brush, knead, roll/press and rub the areas between each of the joints to get the energy moving in both the meridians and the muscles. The practitioner can then use range of motion, traction, massage, with the stimulation of acupressure points and to treat both acute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions, as well as many non-musculoskeletal conditions. Tui na is an integral part of Traditional Chinese Medicine and is taught in TCM schools as part of formal training in Oriental medicine. Many East Asian martial arts schools also teach tui na to their advanced students for the treatment and management of injury and pain due to training. As with many other traditional Chinese medical practices, there are several different schools with greater or lesser differences in their approach to the discipline. It is related also to Chinese massage or anma.
  
  In ancient China, medical therapy was often classified into "external" and "internal" treatments. Tui na was one of the external methods, especially suitable for use on the elderly population and on infants. Today it is subdivided into specialized treatment for infants, adults, orthopedics, traumatology, cosmetology, rehabilitation, sports medicine, etc. Tui na has been used extensively in China for over 2,000 years.
  
  Tui na has fewer side effects than modern drug-based and chemical-based treatments. It has been used to treat or complement the treatment of many conditions; musculo-skeletal disorders and chronic stress-related disorders of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems.
• Cranio Sacral therapy (bodywork): Craniosacral therapy (also called CST, cranial osteopathy, also spelled CranioSacral bodywork or therapy) is a method of alternative medicine used by massage therapists, naturopaths, chiropractors and osteopaths, who manually apply a subtle movement of the spinal and cranial bones to bring the central nervous system into harmony. This therapy involves assessing and addressing the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be restricted by trauma to the body, such as through falls, accidents, and general nervous tension. By gently working with the spine, the skull and its cranial sutures, diaphragms, and fascia, the restrictions of nerve passages are eased, the movement of CSF through the spinal cord can be optimized, and misaligned bones can be restored to their proper position. This therapy is said to be particularly useful for mental stress, neck and back pain, migraines, TMJ Syndrome, and for chronic nervous conditions such as fibromyalgia.
• Deep muscle therapy: Deep muscle therapy (created by Therese Pfrimmer), is a massage technique that focuses on using a very specific set of movements applied to all muscles and concentrating on all layers of the muscle that have become depleted of their regular blood and lymphatic flow. This technique aims to restore the circulation with its healing properties to the cellular level. Deep muscle therapy is widely used to treat the following ailments: carpal tunnel syndrome, neck and back pain, headaches, poor circulation, whiplash, and more.
• Deep tissue massage: Deep tissue techniques are generally designed for more focused massage work. Working a specific joint, muscle or muscle group, the practitioner can access deeper layers of the soft tissue. Starting superficially and easing into the depth of the muscle slowly often allows more movement. This is the recommended approach in this modality since each person experiences pressure differently. If the pressure is applied too deeply or too quickly, the muscle may tighten to protect that area, and unnecessary damage or inflammation can be induced. Very little lubricant is used as the pressure doesn't travel much over the skin. The most commonly used 'tools' during deep tissue massage may include, 3 and 6 fingers, reinforced fingers, knuckles, a flat elbow, opposing thumbs, the heel of the hand or foot, and the forearm.
• Esalen massage: The basis of Esalen Massage is traditional massage, which works in a very precise manner on the muscle and circulation systems. This is combined with the bodywork approach developed by Charlotte Selver, which emphasizes the deeply relaxing and emotional responses of the body when a conscious, structured and pleasant touch is applied. In addition, gentle rocking of the body, passive joint exercises and deep structural work on the muscles and joints, together with an energetic balancing of the body.
• Indian head massage or Champissage: The art of Indian Head Massage is an Ayurvedic form of healing and relaxation which is used widely in Asia to relieve tension and stress. The technique has been passed down through families for generations. The Indian Head Massage is said to soothe and harmonize the body's natural balance, helping to promote physical and psychological wellbeing. Indian Head Massage, is also known under the trademarked term Champissage, which is taught in the UK by Mehta Narendra.
• Lomilomi traditional Hawaiian massage: Lomilomi is the traditional massage of Hawaii. As an indigenous practice, it varies by island and by family. The styles most known today are those of Auntie Margaret Machado of the island of Hawaii, Uncle Kalua Kaiahua of Maui and Oahu, and Kahu Abraham Kawaii of Kauai, who called his style Kahuna Bodywork. Other names given to massage performed in Hawaii are temple style, lomi lomi, lomi lomi nui, romi kapa rere, and romi romi. Some of these styles may be traditional, and others may have been influenced by or created in modern times. Lomilomi practitioners use the palms, forearm, fingers, knuckles, elbows, knees, feet, even sticks and stones.
• Muscle energy technique (MET): Reciprocal Inhibition (RI) is when the therapist uses a client's muscle to stretch the opposing muscle. The therapist takes the muscle that they are wishing to stretch to its point of bind. The therapist then gets the client to use the opposing muscle by moving away from the therapist. When the client relaxes the therapist then moves the muscle to realign the muscle fibres therefore stretching the muscle.
  
  As an example, Muscle Energy Technique (MET) Reciprocal Inhibition (RI) can be applied to the calf when the client is lying supine on the treatment couch. The therapist can place one hand on the tibia just below the knee to isolate the knee preventing it from moving. The other hand is placed around the heel so that the therapist's forearm can be used to dorsiflex the foot. This is one of the techniques used by sports massage therapists.
• Myofascial release: Myofascial Release is a form of bodywork which includes, but is not limited to structural assessments (where a formal diagnosis is not necessarily given) and manual massage techniques for stretching the fascia and releasing bonds between fascia, integument, muscles, and bones are mainly applied; with the goal of eliminating pain, increasing range of motion and balancing the body. The fascia is manipulated, directly or indirectly, allowing the connective tissue fibers to reorganize themselves in a more flexible, functional fashion. In addition Myofascial release (note the lower case r), can simply be considered a general manual massage technique any 'lay person' can use to eliminate general fascial restrictions on the body.
  
  Fascia is located between the skin and the underlying structure of muscle and bone, it is a seamless web of connective tissue that covers and connects the muscles, organs, and skeletal structures in our body. Muscle and fascia are united forming the myofascia system. Injuries, stress, inflammation, trauma, and poor posture can cause restriction to fascia. Since fascia is an interconnected web, the restriction or tightness to fascia at a place, with time can spread to other places in the body like a pull in a sweater. The goal of myofascial release is to release fascia restriction and restore its tissue health.
  
  In medical literature, the term myofascial was used by Janet G. Travell M.D. in the 1940s referring to musculoskeletal pain syndromes and trigger points. In 1976 Dr. Travell began using the term "Myofascial Trigger Point" and in 1983 published the famous reference "Myofascial Pain & Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual". Some practitioners use the term "Myofascial Therapy" or "Myofascial Trigger Point Therapy" referring to the treatment of trigger points, this is usually in medical-clinical sense. Here the term Myofascial Release refers to soft tissue manipulation techniques. It has been loosely used for different manual therapy, soft tissue manipulation work (connective tissue massage, soft tissue mobilization, Rolfing, strain-counterstrain etc). There are two main schools of myofascial release: the direct and indirect method.
• Myoskeletal alignment technique: Myoskeletal Alignment Technique (MAT) identifies postural distortions to improve and prevent pain conditions. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and myofacial techniques are used to lengthen tight/facilitated muscles while fiber activation techniques tone weak/inhibited muscles. MAT was developed by Erik Dalton.
• Neuromuscular therapy: Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT) is used for pain relief and specific problems. Structural and postural imbalances are identified through an initial postural assessment. These are then addressed through systematic and site specific massage. NMT reduces pain, tension, postural imbalance, and lengthens and strengthens tissues. NMT was developed in the 1930's by Dr. Stanley Leif.
• Reflexology: It is the practice of stimulating nerves on the feet, hands and ears, to supposedly encourage a beneficial effect on some other parts of the body, or to try to improve general health. Reflexology is most commonly performed on the feet, moving on to the hands and/or ears where physical restraints (contraindications), such as veruccas or fractures, apply.
  
  Reflexology practitioners do not advance any one unified theory of their discipline. All practitioners believe that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that reflexology assists the self-healing process. Some practitioners believe these zones to reflect the energy (Qi) body, and that blockages of energy in the body are reflected through "grit" or "lumps" on the foot. A therapist will apply pressure in the form of relaxing massage to these areas, in order to stimulate the corresponding area and thereby remove blockages in the energy body.
  
  Contrary to some beliefs, reflexology does not seek to diagnose or cure medical conditions - merely imbalances in the life energy or Qi of the body. The ailments heal when the sore spots of the sole are treated and removed by massage. Based on this theory, some shoe liners are made with pressure points to stimulate the soles of the feet and promote better health for the overall body. The nature of these "crystals" has yet to be elucidated or demonstrated scientifically. Regardless of the actual correlation of reflexology to internal organs, many enjoy it for the mix of stimulation and relaxation.
• Rolfing: Rolfing is a system of soft tissue manipulation, with the objective of realigning the body structurally and harmonizing its fundamental movement patterns in relation to gravity. Though the service mark Rolfing® belongs to The Rolf Institute of Structural Integration, the term Rolfing is generally used to apply to a range of systems based on the teachings of Dr. Ida Pauline Rolf. Practitioners of Rolfing believe it to enhance vitality and well-being, and claim that after sessions, many clients stand up straighter, gain in height, and that soft-tissue bodily asymmetries tend to disappear. Rolfing is in some ways similar to deep tissue massage (see especially Myofascial Release), however, practitioners stress that Rolfing's attention to the balance of the body in gravity sets the practice apart.
• Shiatsu: Shiatsu is a form of Japanese massage that uses thumb pressure and works along the energy meridians in the body also with a lot of stretches the same meridians as acupressure. You are fully clothed while being worked while on a mat on the floor. The essence of Shiatsu is Diagnosis and Therapy combined  which is the ability of the practitioner to use his sensory organs (palms, fingers, and thumbs) to detect irregularities, such as stiffness of the surface of the body, and to promptly correct or heal these problems. To acquire this skill takes considerable experience. The defining difference between Shiatsu therapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), such as acupuncture, is that Diagnosis and Therapy are combined, whereas Shiatsu does not always require previous diagnosis before commencing treatment.
  
  In modern medicine, the course of treatment can only be decided after a diagnosis has been made. In TCM, it is also necessary to diagnose before treating. In Shiatsu therapy, practitioners promote the prevention and recovery of illnesses by stimulating the immune system and natural healing power that people already possess. Therefore, even without a diagnosis or with a language barrier, practitioners can, to quote Tokujiro Namikoshi , treat patients with "thumbs and thin futon"  at any time. Treating the body as a whole, so they say, helps to restore the physical functions of the nervous system, circulatory system, bone structure, muscles, and internal secretion and stimulates its alleged natural ability to heal illness. That being said, skilled practitioners can contribute considerably to regional health and medical treatment.
• Soft tissue therapy: Soft Tissue Therapy (STT) is a category of bodywork that aims to alleviate aches, pains and / or injuries that are attributable to the soft tissues of the body. In seeking to achieve this, a soft tissue practitioner will gain a medical and lifestyle profile of their client, and also gather other physical findings during a postural and / or functional assessment. Treatment techniques include:
  - Trigger point therapy for the alleviation of trigger points.
  - Myofascial (muscle and fascia) therapy for flexibility/mobility of the connective tissues of our body, or for alleviating fibrous adhesions and decreasing the severity of scars.
  - Broad handed techniques for reducing swelling or inflammation.
  - Frictions for the ridding of adhesions between fascial layers, muscles, compartments and the like. Frictions also promote healing in tendon pathologies as well as decreasing pain perception.
  - Sustained pressure (digital pressures) to alleviate hypertonic (tight)areas within muscle and fascia.
  - Other techniques such as Active Release Therapies, Myofascial Release and deep tissue massage are all derivatives of the techniques above. They are NOT unique techniques with unique results.
  - Stretching - static, dynamic, and/or PNF stretches (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation).
  - Muscle Energy Technique (MET).
  - Exercise Prescription.
  - Advice.
• Stone massage: Massage in which smooth hot or cold stones, usually basalt or marble, are used to massage the body. When heated stones are used muscles relax allowing the massage therapist to work deeper into the muscle without the discomfort of regular deep tissue massage. Sufferers of sinus congestion usually find relief when cold stones are placed on the sinuses. Energy work is sometimes incorporated into Stone Massage. Stones may be placed on key energy points, such as Chakras or meridians, in order to improve energy flow and healing.
  
  The use of heated stones upon the human body as a tool for healing has been used by various cultures for thousands of years. The application of heat to the body and the relaxing effects this has on muscles and the nervous system has been recognized by numerous ancient civilizations. Heated stones were used by Egyptians in their ceremonies, and heated stones have also been used by Native American Indians and in Lomi Lomi massage in Hawaii.
  
  During an authentic hot stone massage, stones are heated in hot water and then used in two ways. Some stones will be laid under a towel or pillowcase placed under the back along both sides of the spine and on top of the torso (on a towel) to heat the chakra centers. Heated stones coated in oil are then used directly in the hands of the therapist delivering various massaging strokes of the muscle tissues. The heat from the stones helps to relax the muscles which then permits greater overall results for the massage experience.
• Swedish: Relates to a collection of massage techniques. Petrissage (from the French pétrir, 'to knead') is one of the five basic strokes of a Swedish massage. It is performed with kneading movement with the whole palm or finger tips, wringing, skin rolling, compress and lifting. Petrissage is usually applied vertically to the muscle tissue. The benefits include the warming of tissue for deeper work, increase circulation, increase the supply of nutrients and oxygen to muscle, softens superficial fascia, decreases muscle tension, and restoring mobility by decreasing adhesion.
  
  Effleurage (from the French effleurer, 'to skim over') consists of long, flowing or gliding strokes, performed with open hands. In many massage sessions, effleurage is used as the initial type of stroking, as it has a calming effect when performed slowly. Effleurage is usually performed in the direction of the heart (centripetal) to promote circulation and lymphatic drainage. Other techniques include tapotement, friction, cupping, hacking and kneading.
• Thai massage: Known in Thailand Nuat phaen boran, which correctly translates only as ancient massage or traditional massage, this form of massage is also known as Thai ancient massage, traditional Thai massage, Thai yoga massage, yoga massage, Thai classical massage, Thai bodywork, passive yoga or assisted yoga. It is usually soothing because of its emphasis on stretching and loosening the body. Its roots go back far into history, originating in India based on the Ayurveda, and then becoming popular in ancient Siam, now known as Thailand.
  
  Originating in India and drawing from Ayurveda, it has inevitably incorporated modalities like yoga. The receiver is put into many yoga like positions during the course of the massage. In the northern style there are a lot of stretching movements unlike the southern style where pressure is emphasised. It was believed that the massage art was brought over to Thailand by Shivago Komarpaj (Jivaka Kumarabhacca), a contemporary of Lord Buddha over 2500 years ago.
  
  The massage recipient changes into loose, comfortable clothes and lies on a mat or firm mattress on the floor. (It can be done solo or in a group of a dozen or so patients in the same large room). The massage practitioner leans on the recipient's body using hands and forearms to apply firm rhythmic pressure to almost every part of the recipient's body. The massage generally follows the Sen lines on the body-somewhat analogous to Chinese Meridians and Indian nadis. In some gestures, legs and feet of the giver are used to fixate the body or limbs of the recipient. In other gestures, hands fixate the body, while the feet do the massaging action. Oil is not used in traditional Thai Massage. A full Thai massage session typically lasts two hours or more, and includes rhythmic pressing and stretching of the entire body; this may include pulling fingers, toes, ears etc., cracking the knuckles, walking on the recipient's back, arching the recipient's back in a rolling action etc. There is a standard procedure and rhythm to the massage.
• Trager approach: A mind-body integration technique which aims to improve body functioning by inducing gentle, pleasurable movements which facilitate deep relaxation combined with education to encourage the development of stress-free patterns of movement. A session typically lasts from one to one and a half hours. The client wears underwear or light, loose clothing and lies on a padded table in a comfortable environment. The practitioner makes touch-contact with the client, both as a whole and partly with individual limbs and segments. The central feature of the work is the sensory quality of the physical contact consisting of gently coaxing elongations, softly penetrating compressions, and a pleasurable rhythmic rocking, sending resonating ripples throughout the body's fluid structure. After getting up from the table, the client is given some instruction in the use of Mentastics, a system of simple, effortless movement sequences developed by Dr. Trager to maintain and enhance the sense of lightness, freedom, and flexibility that was instilled by the table work.
• Trigger point therapy: A trigger point is an area of a muscle (about 50 cells) that may refer pain sensations to other parts of the body. Trigger Point Therapy applies manual pressure, or CO2 injections, to these points. With the proper pressure, duration and location, immediate release of tension and improved muscular functioning may occur. This therapy has been known to diminish migraine pain, sciatica, carpal tunnel syndrome and other pain syndromes, and other symptoms that may have been misdiagnosed. This work is based upon the trigger point research and manuals of Dr. Janet G. Travell, President Kennedy's physician. Sometimes this work is incorporated into other styles of massage therapy such as neuromuscular therapy (NMT) or even Swedish.

Which Massage Course in the UK?[ref1]

Essentially there are two main types of massage therapy: therapeutic and remedial/sports. For those who want courses that teaching more beauty or therapeutic massage then ITEC, City and Guilds, and many Further Education or Adult Education programmes may prove helpful. Once you have decided which type of massage you would like to learn, then you need to choose your course. As a general guide it is useful to know the following:

• Identify the number of teacher contact hours (does this also include clinical supervision or is this additional).
• How many hours of taught anatomy and physiology is there? Is course-work part of the final assessment or is it exam based as well?
• Are clinical case studies expected and if so, how many? How are these assessed during in the course?
• How long has the course been recognised?
• How many years of relevant clinical/teaching experience does the tutor have?
• Is there an external examiner (not verifer or assessor) independently appointed to observe clinical practice.
• The risk of Repetitive strain injury (RSI) in massage therapy practitioners is a constant occupational concern and so ask how they address this in their courses. For example, do they give advice on posture, and proper use of the body when massaging?

Resources

Books

Mosbys Fundamentals of Therapeutic Massage
Mosby 2004

Job's Body - A Handbook for Bodywork
Deanne Juhan 1987

Save Your Hands! The complete Guide to Injury Prevention and Ergonomics for Manual Therapists. 2nd Edition.
L. Greene and RW. Goggins (2008) [Download PDF of Review]

The Body Remembers: The Psychophysiology of Trauma and Trauma Treatment
Babette Rothschild (2000)

Professional Member Associations

The Massage Training Institute

Is a national examining body and a professional association specialising in holistic massage. Limited website, but has a practitioners directory. MTI is a member of the British Massage Therapy Council (BMTC), the General Council for Massage Therapy (GCMT) and is also affiliated to the British Complementary Medicine Association (BCMA).

The General General Council for Massage Therapy

Is the emerging Organisation for the Self-Regulation of Massage Therapy in the UK. The GCMT is a non-profit making body comprising the major professional associations in massage therapy.

American Massage Therapy Association

Site contains full articles on massage, searchable database (bit limited at the moment), journal, news and downloadable photos.

Journals and Magazines

The Massage Magazine

Well presented, short articles on massage and related topics. It lists schools, courses and associations in US and Canada. Also has a massage shop.

Massage Products and Services

Save Your Hands: Injury Prevention and Ergonomics Solutions for Manual Therapist.

This site is promoting a book on injury prevention - reviewed on this site - and courses in the US. Has excellent links for tools and equipment, ergonomics, workstations, massage tables, support groups and more. See resources under their Book section.

The massage therapy student's video guide (Video 1: The Torso)
RMTStudents.com [Download PDF of Review]

DVD vol1: Injury Prevention Massage: the essential guide to RSI-free massage techniques
Injury Prevention Massage [Download PDF of Review]

References

Unless indicated information is sourced from Wikipedia. Content has been edited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/massage

1. Frances Fewell, Complementary Therapy Consultant

Contributors to this Guide

Note the opinions expressed here do not represent a consensus view. Each contributor, if there is more than one, may not agree with all the opinions expressed. If you would like to add or edit any parts of this guide, please contact the Editor at editor@comptogether.co.uk with your contribution.

Francess Fewell, Complementary Therapy Consultant
email: francesfewell@yahoo.co.uk

Tracey Goulding, Acupuncturist & Aromatherapist: Essential Therapia
Purple Pages: Essential Therapia
Website: Essential Therapia

 

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